{"id":18454,"date":"2023-10-17T16:08:01","date_gmt":"2023-10-17T13:08:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/umutsen.org\/?p=18454"},"modified":"2024-04-17T23:12:13","modified_gmt":"2024-04-17T20:12:13","slug":"yesil-kapitalizm-mitinin-golgesinde-jes-gercegi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/umutsen.org\/index.php\/2023\/10\/yesil-kapitalizm-mitinin-golgesinde-jes-gercegi\/","title":{"rendered":"Ye\u015fil Kapitalizm mitinin g\u00f6lgesinde JES ger\u00e7e\u011fi"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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Ege Demirel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Neoliberalizmin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f d\u00f6neminde oldu\u011fu ve kapitalizmin ciddi bir yap\u0131sal krizle m\u00fccadele etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 burjuvazi taraf\u0131ndan dahi g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilemeyecek bir ger\u00e7eklik olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131zda duruyor. Bu nedenle burjuvazinin kendisine yeni siyasal ve ekonomik y\u00f6netim ara\u00e7lar\u0131 arad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nem i\u00e7erisinde bulundu\u011fumuzu s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Bu ba\u011flamda \u201cye\u015fil kapitalizm\u201d ve beraberinde s\u0131kl\u0131kla g\u00fcndeme gelen \u201cs\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir b\u00fcy\u00fcme\u201d burjuvazinin yeni propaganda ara\u00e7lar\u0131 olarak bir s\u00fcredir g\u00fcndemde yer i\u015fgal ediyor. Peki ger\u00e7ekten \u201cye\u015fil kapitalizm\u201d can \u00e7eki\u015fen kapitalizme \u00e7are olabilir mi? Bu soruyu yan\u0131tlayabilmek a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan jeotermal enerji, g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi ve r\u00fczg\u00e2r enerjisi gibi \u201cyenilenebilir enerji\u201d kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6nem arz ediyor. Bu yaz\u0131da ise jeotermal enerji ve jeotermal enerji santralleri inceleyece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lk olarak, jeotermal enerjinin ne oldu\u011funu tan\u0131mlamakla ba\u015flamak uygun olacakt\u0131r. Jeotermal enerji, \u201cyer alt\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kan s\u0131cak su veya s\u0131cak su buhar\u0131ndan elde edilen enerji\u201d<\/em> olarak tan\u0131mlanabilir.[1]<\/a> Jeotermal enerjinin \u0131s\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmas\u0131 ise genellikle \u015fu \u015fekilde yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r: Yer kabu\u011fu \u0131s\u0131 de\u011ferleri temelinde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck entalpili sahalar (20\u00b0C-70\u00b0C), orta entalpili sahalar (70\u00b0C-150\u00b0C) ve y\u00fcksek entalpili sahalar (>150\u00b0C) olarak \u00fc\u00e7 kategori s\u00f6z konusudur.[2]<\/a> Jeotermal enerjinin kullan\u0131m alanlar\u0131 ya da faydalan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 faaliyetler ise olduk\u00e7a \u00e7e\u015fitlidir. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan elektrik enerjisi \u00fcretimi, merkezi \u0131s\u0131tma ya da so\u011futma, serac\u0131l\u0131k, kimyasal madde\/mineral \u00fcretimi ve kapl\u0131calar jeotermal enerjiden faydalan\u0131lan alanlar olarak \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.[3]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu noktada jeotermal enerjinin avantajlar\u0131n\u0131 ve dezavantajlar\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131saca ifade etmek yerinde olacakt\u0131r. Avantajlar\u0131: \u201cSonsuz bir enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 olma potansiyeli vard\u0131r. Jeotermal enerji santralleri elektrik \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in yak\u0131t yakmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in yayd\u0131klar\u0131 hava kirletici madde seviyeleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. Do\u011frudan kullan\u0131m uygulamalar\u0131 (\u0131s\u0131nma, pi\u015firme, yiyecek kurutma, alt\u0131n madencili\u011fi ve s\u00fct past\u00f6rizasyonu, vb.) ve jeotermal \u0131s\u0131 pompalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7evre \u00fczerinde neredeyse hi\u00e7bir olumsuz etkisi yoktur.\u201d<\/em>[4]<\/a> S\u00f6z konusu avantajlar\u0131n jeotermal enerji \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecinin gerekli teknik\/bilimsel kriterler temelinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi h\u00e2linde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmemelidir. Dezavantajlar\u0131: \u201cKurulumu maliyetlidir. Jeotermal kaynaklar yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn belirli alanlar\u0131nda bulunmaktad\u0131r (\u00f6zellikle volkanik alanlarda). Kuyular\u0131n kapanma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131r. Yeralt\u0131nda bulunan tehlikeli unsurlar dikkatlice imha edilmelidir. Aksi takdirde yery\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131r.\u201d<\/em>[5]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de lisansl\u0131 santral say\u0131s\u0131 ise toplam 68\u2019dir (Ayd\u0131n-33, Manisa-16, Denizli-13, \u00c7anakkale-4, \u0130zmir-1 ve Afyon 1). Jeotermal elektrik \u00fcretiminde kullan\u0131lan jeotermal kuyu say\u0131s\u0131 695\u2019tir. JESDER, 367 \u00fcretim kuyusunun geri kalan\u0131n\u0131n reenjeksiyon kuyusu olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmektedir. Mevcut santrallerdeki ortalama \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan say\u0131s\u0131 ise 2.500\u2019d\u00fcr.[6]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu teknik bilgilerin ard\u0131ndan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de jeotermal enerjinin kullan\u0131m\u0131n pratikte nas\u0131l i\u015fledi\u011fini ele almak gerekiyor. Son d\u00f6nemde jeotermal enerjinin kullan\u0131m\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bir de\u011ferlendirme yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sera \u0131s\u0131tmas\u0131n\u0131n olduk\u00e7a yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u0130zmir-Dikili, Bal\u00e7ova, Seferihisar, Manisa-Salihli, Afyon-\u00d6mer, Sand\u0131kl\u0131, K\u00fctahya-Simav, Denizli-K\u0131z\u0131ldere, Bal\u0131kesir-Edremit, Havran ve \u015eanl\u0131urfa-Karaali jeotermalin kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerler olarak bilinmektedir. T\u00fcrkiye genelinde 18 ilde sera \u0131s\u0131tmas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusudur.[7]<\/a> 2019 y\u0131l\u0131 verilerine g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak 4.283 d\u00f6n\u00fcml\u00fck alanda sera \u0131s\u0131tmas\u0131 kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmektedir. Bu alanda T\u00fcrkiye, d\u00fcnya lideridir.[8]<\/a> Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla jeotermal enerjinin kullan\u0131m alanlar\u0131n\u0131n ve faaliyet g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi yerle\u015fim b\u00f6lgelerinin olduk\u00e7a geni\u015fledi\u011fi ve mevcut duruma bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu durumun g\u00fc\u00e7lenerek devam edece\u011fi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu noktada tar\u0131msal alanlarla ilgili olarak s\u0131kl\u0131kla g\u00fcndeme gelen zeytinliklerin ve topraklar\u0131n korunmas\u0131 meselesine \u00f6zel olarak de\u011finmek gerekiyor. Zeytinlik alanlar konusunda \u201c3573 say\u0131l\u0131 Zeytincili\u011fin Islah\u0131 ve Yabanilerinin A\u015f\u0131latt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 Hakk\u0131nda Kanun\u201dda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a bu alanlar\u0131n korunmas\u0131na dair hususlar yer almaktad\u0131r. 5403 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un \u201cTopraklar\u0131n korunmas\u0131\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 9. maddesinde toprak kullan\u0131m\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. S\u00f6z konusu maddede \u201cArazi kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 gerektiren her t\u00fcrl\u00fc giri\u015fim ve yat\u0131r\u0131m s\u00fcrecinde topraklar\u0131n korunmas\u0131, do\u011fal ve yapay olaylar sonucu meydana gelen toprak kay\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesi; arazi kullan\u0131m pl\u00e2nlar\u0131, tar\u0131msal ama\u00e7l\u0131 arazi kullan\u0131m pl\u00e2n ve projeleri ile toprak koruma projelerinin uygulamaya konulmas\u0131 ile sa\u011flan\u0131r.\u201d<\/em> ifadeleri yer almaktad\u0131r. Bu yasan\u0131n 10. maddesinde arazi kullan\u0131m planlar\u0131, 11. maddesinde tar\u0131msal ama\u00e7l\u0131 arazi kullan\u0131m pl\u00e2n ve projeleri, 12. maddede toprak koruma projeleri ve 13. maddede ise tar\u0131m arazilerinin ama\u00e7 d\u0131\u015f\u0131 kullan\u0131m\u0131 istisnalar\u0131 d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.[9]<\/a> Yani, tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimin korunmas\u0131, \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin ve do\u011fan\u0131n haklar\u0131n\u0131n \u015firketler taraf\u0131ndan gasp edilmemesi i\u00e7in gerekli yasal \u00e7er\u00e7eve mevcuttur. Sorun, bu yasalar\u0131n uygulanmamas\u0131 ve gerekli denetimlerin yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayr\u0131ca uluslararas\u0131 uygulamalarda JES projelerinde \u00c7evresel Etki De\u011ferlendirmesi kapsam\u0131nda bir kapasite alt s\u0131n\u0131r olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131; ancak T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki uygulamada \u0131s\u0131l g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn 5 MWe\u2019\u0131n alt\u0131nda olan projelerin \u00c7evresel Etki De\u011ferlendirme (\u00c7ED) Y\u00f6netmeli\u011fi\u2019nden muaf tutuldu\u011fu ve kapsaml\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmeye tabi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Fakat bu de\u011fer alt\u0131ndaki projelerde de \u0131s\u0131l g\u00fcc\u00fc y\u00fcksek projelerdeki s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin ve sorunlar\u0131n benzerleriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00e7evresel ve sosyal etkiler s\u00f6z konusudur. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, JES projelerinin tamam\u0131 hakk\u0131nda \u00c7ED raporu istenmesi bir zorunluluk olmal\u0131d\u0131r.[10]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Burada Avrupa \u0130mar ve Kalk\u0131nma Bankas\u0131 raporunda yer verildi\u011fi \u00fczere do\u011frudan \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerden gelen \u015fikayetleri ele almak yerinde olacakt\u0131r. Bu \u015fikayetlerde \u201cjeotermal enerji i\u015fletmelerinin koku emisyonlar\u0131 (H2S), g\u00f6zlem ve kimyasal analizlerle tespit edilecek etkileri (bor vs.), g\u00f6rsel etkileri (borular ve buhar) ve i\u015fitsel (g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fc) etkileri\u201d<\/em> dile getirilmektedir. Ek olarak, jeotermal enerji santrali civar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin ve di\u011fer ki\u015filerin \u201crenksiz olsa da yayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fck yumurta kokusu nedeniyle hidrojen s\u00fclf\u00fcr\u00fcn (H2S) kendilerini rahats\u0131z etti\u011fini\u201d<\/em> ifade eden g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler de s\u00f6z konusudur. Ayr\u0131ca \u201cy\u00fcksek konsantrasyonlarda olmas\u0131 durumunda hidrojen s\u00fclf\u00fcr\u00fcn bitki h\u00fccreleri \u00fczerinde fitotoksik etkilerinin olabilece\u011fini\u201d<\/em> s\u00f6ylemektedirler. \u201cH2S \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n kontrol edilebilece\u011fi\u201d<\/em> hususu da hat\u0131rlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, su kaynaklar\u0131 ba\u011flam\u0131nda topraklardaki kirlenmeye neden oldu\u011fu iddia edilen \u201cjeotermal ak\u0131\u015fkanlar\u0131n re-enjekte edilmeden sal\u0131nmas\u0131\u201d<\/em> da \u015fikayetler aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda \u201cjeotermal ak\u0131\u015fkanlar i\u00e7inde y\u00fcksek konsantrasyonlarda bulunduklar\u0131nda toksik etki yaratabilecek ve \u00e7evresel problemlere sebebiyet verebilecek ba\u015fta bor (B) olmak \u00fczere c\u0131va (Hg), flor (F), lityum (Li), ve arsenik (As) gibi bile\u015fenlerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d<\/em> olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemli bir meseledir.[11]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Buraya kadar yap\u0131lan teknik\/bilimsel \u00e7er\u00e7evenin ard\u0131ndan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de halk sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve do\u011fan\u0131n talan\u0131 ba\u011flam\u0131nda JES konusunda nelerin yap\u0131labilece\u011fini, hangi \u00f6nlemlerin al\u0131nabilece\u011fini konu\u015fmak gerekiyor. JES\u2019lerin uygun ko\u015fullar\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ve bilimsel kriterler temelinde denetlenmeleri h\u00e2linde faaliyet g\u00f6stermelerinin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilece\u011fi s\u00f6ylenebilir. Zira \u015fu ana kadar \u00e7evresel etkilerinin hi\u00e7 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fczde y\u00fcz temiz enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak iddia edilebilecek bir enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklar\u0131 fosil yak\u0131tlara g\u00f6re ilk bak\u0131\u015fta olduk\u00e7a temiz ve \u00e7evresel etkileri \u00e7ok daha az olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. Ancak bu enerji kaynaklar\u0131 da \u201cfaaliyet s\u0131ras\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131karacaklar\u0131 insan ve \u00e7evre sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na zararl\u0131 maddeler\u201d ve \u201cihtiya\u00e7 duyduklar\u0131 \u201chammaddeler\u201d konusunda gerekli \u00f6nlemler al\u0131nmadan kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a \u201ckirli\u201d ve \u201cinsan ve \u00e7evre sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na zararl\u0131\u201d h\u00e2le d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmektedir. Bu kapsamda JES a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken \u00f6nlemler hayati derecede \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lk olarak, JES alan\u0131n\u0131n konumu \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde \u201chava ko\u015fullar\u0131, h\u00e2kim r\u00fczg\u00e2r y\u00f6n\u00fc, reenjeksiyon kuyular\u0131 ile \u00fcretim kuyular\u0131n\u0131n lokasyonlar\u0131, ak\u0131\u015f ve performans ili\u015fkisi, \u00fcretim s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131, kabukla\u015fma-korozyon ve jeotermal sular\u0131n kimyasal \u00f6zellikleri gibi\u201d<\/em><\/strong> unsurlar kesinlikle dikkate al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca ilgili arazinin \u201cg\u00fcncel, detayl\u0131 ve hassas harita, plan ve kesitlerin bulunmas\u0131, 3 boyutlu say\u0131sal y\u00fckseklik modellerinin\u201d<\/em><\/strong> olmas\u0131 da bir gerekliliktir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u201carazinin e\u011fim ve bak\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcne g\u00f6re sim\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131\u201d<\/em><\/strong> g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmemelidir.[12]<\/a> Bu y\u00fczden jeotermal santrallerin tasarlanabilmesi i\u00e7in baz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n tamamlanmas\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenilir verilerin ortaya koyulmas\u0131 olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemlidir. Bunlar:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u2022 \u00dcretim ve reenjeksiyon kuyular\u0131n\u0131n ak\u0131\u015f performans ili\u015fkisi<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 \u00dcretim kuyular\u0131n\u0131n ortalama \u00fcretim entalpileri<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Santral \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n alt limiti<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Kondanse olmayan gaz (NCG) miktar\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Kabukla\u015fma-korozyon, \u00fcretim ve enjeksiyon s\u0131ras\u0131nda jeotermal sular\u0131n kimyasal \u00f6zellikleri \u2022 Kuyular\u0131n, santral yerinin ve boru hatlar\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7ece\u011fi g\u00fczergah\u0131n koordinat ve kotlar\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 B\u00f6lgenin uzun d\u00f6nem ortalama s\u0131cakl\u0131k, nem<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Hakim r\u00fczgar y\u00f6n\u00fc ve maksimum r\u00fczgar h\u0131z\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Acil durum de\u015farj hatt\u0131 veya toplama havuzunun yeri<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Enerji ba\u011flant\u0131 noktas\u0131n\u0131n yeri, ba\u011flant\u0131 g\u00fcc\u00fc<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Depremsellik ve zemin parametreleri<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 \u00c7evresel duyarl\u0131l\u0131klar (g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fc, de\u015farj s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131, emisyon s\u0131n\u0131r de\u011ferleri)\u201d[13]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayr\u0131ca Anayasan\u0131n 56. maddesi \u201cHerkes, sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ve dengeli bir \u00e7evrede ya\u015fama hakk\u0131na sahiptir. \u00c7evreyi geli\u015ftirmek, \u00e7evre sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumak ve \u00e7evre kirlenmesini \u00f6nlemek Devletin ve vatanda\u015flar\u0131n \u00f6devidir.\u201d<\/em><\/strong> ve Umumi H\u0131fz\u0131ss\u0131hha Kanunu\u2019nun 1. maddesi \u201cMemleketin s\u0131hhi \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 \u0131slah ve milletin s\u0131hhatine zarar veren b\u00fct\u00fcn hastal\u0131klar veya sair muz\u0131r amillerle m\u00fccadele etmek ve m\u00fcstakbel neslin s\u0131hhatli olarak yeti\u015fmesini temin ve halk\u0131 t\u0131bbi ve i\u00e7timai muavenete mazhar eylemek umumi Devlet hizmetlerindendir.\u201d<\/em><\/strong> bu a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00fczerinde durulmas\u0131 gereken yasal hususlard\u0131r. Bu maddelerle devlet, a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a sorumluluk \u00fcstlenmekte ve her vatanda\u015f\u0131n da \u00e7evrenin korunmas\u0131 ve sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ya\u015fam hakk\u0131n\u0131 talep etmesinin g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 en az\u0131ndan mevzuatta ifade edilmektedir. \u00d6te yandan jeotermal santrallerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan emek\u00e7iler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u201c\u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n G\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fc ile \u0130lgili Risklerden Korunmalar\u0131na Dair Y\u00f6netmeli\u011fe g\u00f6re (Aile, \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma ve Sosyal Hizmetler Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, RG Tarih: 28.07.2013, No: 28721) maruziyet s\u0131n\u0131r de\u011ferleri\u201d<\/em><\/strong> ve \u201c\u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n Titre\u015fimle \u0130lgili Risklerden Korunmalar\u0131na Dair Y\u00f6netmelik (Aile, \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma ve Sosyal Hizmetler Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, RG Tarih: 22.08.2013 No: 28743) kapsam\u0131nda maruziyet s\u0131n\u0131r de\u011ferleri ve maruziyet etkin de\u011ferleri\u201d<\/em><\/strong> de g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulmal\u0131d\u0131r.[14]<\/a> Di\u011fer sekt\u00f6rlerde oldu\u011fu \u00fczere yine hat\u0131rlatmak gerekir ki i\u015f\u00e7i sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fi hi\u00e7bir k\u00e2r marj\u0131 hesab\u0131na kurban edilemeyecek kadar hayati bir meseledir. JES\u2019lerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan emek\u00e7ilerin sa\u011fl\u0131klar\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fi konusunda gerekli t\u00fcm \u00f6nlemler al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu i\u00e7 hukuk h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine ek olarak uluslararas\u0131 hukuk ba\u011flam\u0131nda da T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin tabi oldu\u011fu kurallar ve s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin oldu\u011funu hat\u0131rlatmak gerekiyor. Anayasas\u0131n\u0131n 90. Maddesi y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe konulmu\u015f milletleraras\u0131 antla\u015fmalar\u0131 kanunla e\u015fde\u011fer g\u00f6rmektedir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin taraf oldu\u011fu uluslararas\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler \u201cbiyo\u00e7e\u015fitlilik, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve do\u011fal miras\u0131n korunmas\u0131, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, sulak alanlar, peyzaj\u0131n korunmas\u0131 ve tehlikeli at\u0131klar ve kimyasallar\u201d<\/em><\/strong> gibi unsurlar\u0131 i\u00e7ermektedir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla jeotermal santrallerin \u00c7ED s\u00fcrecinde bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmelere uyulmal\u0131d\u0131r.[15]<\/a> Sadece T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki anayasa ve yasalar de\u011fil ayn\u0131 zamanda taraf olunan uluslararas\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin de uygulanmas\u0131 bir zorunluluktur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Burada vurgulamak gerekir ki yasal \u00e7er\u00e7eve a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok ciddi bir sorun yoktur. Mesele, bu yasalar\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131 ve \u015firketlerin denetlenmesidir. Emek\u00e7ilerin sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ya\u015fam hakk\u0131 ile do\u011fan\u0131n haklar\u0131 g\u00f6zleri k\u00e2r h\u0131rs\u0131ndan ba\u015fka hi\u00e7bir \u015feyi g\u00f6rmeyen kapitalistlerin \u201cye\u015fil enerji\u201d masal\u0131na kurban edilemez! S\u0131rf \u201cmaliyetler artacak\u201d ve \u201ck\u00e2r marjlar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fecek\u201d diye JES s\u00fcrecinde halk ve \u00e7evre sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 heba edilemez!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

JES hakk\u0131nda burada sunulan veriler ve de\u011ferlendirmeler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir kez daha ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r ki insanlar\u0131n \u00fcretti\u011fi ve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ge\u00e7iren enerjilerin \u00e7evresel etkileri mutlaka olmaktad\u0131r. JES\u2019in bundan muaf olmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Bu kapsamda jeotermal s\u0131v\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde yer alan \u201cbor, c\u0131va, arsenik, kur\u015fun, amonyak, antimuan, lityum, karbondioksit, hidrojen s\u00fclf\u00fcr ve tuz \u00e7evreyi\u201d<\/em><\/strong> maddelerin neden oldu\u011fu kirlilik ve tehlikeler bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nlem al\u0131nmas\u0131 son derece \u00f6nemlidir.[16]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki \u00f6rnekleri inceledi\u011fimizde zarar\u0131n minimuma indirilmesine dair gerekli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131lmamakta ve hukuki s\u00fcre\u00e7 de bu ba\u011flamda zorlay\u0131c\u0131, s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 bir etki olu\u015fturmamaktad\u0131r. \u015eirketler zarar\u0131n minimuma indirilmesi i\u00e7in gerekli \u00f6nlemleri daha fazla k\u00e2r elde etmek u\u011fruna yerine getirmemektedir. Zarar\u0131 minimuma de\u011fil k\u00e2r\u0131 maksimuma ula\u015ft\u0131rma gayreti nedeniyle \u015firketler halk sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve do\u011fay\u0131 yok saymaktad\u0131r. Devlet ise Anayasa ve kanunlarda dahi en az\u0131ndan \u015feklen de olsa ifade edilen \u201chalk sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d ve \u201cdo\u011fa\u201dy\u0131 koruma sorumluluklar\u0131n\u0131 yerine getirmemektedir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131 halk\u0131n ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131n\u0131 ve do\u011fay\u0131 korumak ad\u0131na yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131\/yapaca\u011f\u0131 eylemlerin\/direni\u015f hakk\u0131n\u0131n me\u015fru ve hakl\u0131 oldu\u011fu a\u015fik\u00e2rd\u0131r. Bu nedenle ba\u015fta JES olmak \u00fczere yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklar\u0131 konusunda da halk sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ve do\u011fan\u0131n haklar\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6ncelikli konumda oldu\u011fu ger\u00e7e\u011fi burjuvazinin emek\u00e7i ve do\u011fa d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 politikalar\u0131yla\/eylemleriyle \u00fcst\u00fc \u00f6rt\u00fclemez. Burjuvazinin rant ve talan odakl\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131 ve do\u011fa i\u00e7in direnen emek\u00e7iler hakl\u0131 m\u00fccadelelerinden vazge\u00e7meyecek!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> TDK, https:\/\/sozluk.gov.tr<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> Selahattin Kahraman, \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de jeotermal enerji ve elektrik \u00fcretimi\u201d, MTA Do\u011fal Kaynaklar ve Ekonomi B\u00fclteni,<\/em> 2022, 33, s. 31.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> TMMOB Elektrik M\u00fchendisleri Odas\u0131, \u201cJeotermal Nedir\u201d,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

202e8558f654287_ek.pdf eri\u015fimi i\u00e7in t\u0131klay\u0131n<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> EIA (2019), Sbsciencematters (2019) ve BBC (2019)\u2019dan aktaran \u015eerife Anat\u00fcrk, Yenilenebilir ve Yenilenemeyen Enerji Kaynaklar\u0131 ile Ekonomik B\u00fcy\u00fcme Aras\u0131ndaki \u0130li\u015fki: T\u00fcrkiye \u00d6rne\u011fi<\/em>, Anadolu \u00dcniversitesi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc (Yay\u0131mlanmam\u0131\u015f Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi), 2019,s. 28.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> EIA (2019), Sbsciencematters (2019) ve BBC (2019)\u2019dan aktaran \u015e. Anat\u00fcrk, a.g.t.,s. 28.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> S. Kahraman, a.g.m., s. 33.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> \u0130brahim Akku\u015f, T\u00dcBA-Jeotermal Enerji Teknolojileri \u00c7al\u0131\u015ftay\u0131 ve Paneli, \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Jeotermal Enerji Ger\u00e7e\u011fi: Potansiyel ve Sorunlara Genel Bir Bak\u0131\u015f\u201d, Sunum Dok\u00fcmanlar\u0131 ve Notlar\u0131, Afyon Kocatepe \u00dcniversitesi, Afyonkarahisar, 19- 21 \u015eubat 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> TMMOB, \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Menderes Havzas\u0131nda Jeotermal Enerji Santrallar\u0131 Ger\u00e7e\u011fi ve Ayd\u0131n \u0130linde Kurulu JES\u2019lerin \u00c7evresel Etkileri\u201d, 2021, s. 31.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> TMMOB, s. 51.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> TMMOB, s. 66.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> Avrupa \u0130mar ve Kalk\u0131nma Bankas\u0131, \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Jeotermal Kaynaklar\u0131n K\u00fcm\u00fclatif Etki De\u011ferlendirmesi K\u00fcm\u00fclatif Etki De\u011ferlendirme Raporu\u201d, s. 149-150.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> Eray Can, H\u00fclya Keskin \u00c7\u0131t\u0131ro\u011flu ve Deniz Arca, \u201cJeotermal Enerji Santrallerinin (JES) Projelendirilmesinde Olu\u015fmas\u0131 Muhtemel Risklerin Analiz Edilmesi\u201d, Konya M\u00fchendislik Bilimleri Dergisi,<\/em> Cilt 10, Say\u0131 4, s. 855.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> Niyazi Aksoy ve Mehmet \u015ei\u015fman, \u201cJeotermal Elektrik Santralleri Proje Y\u00f6netim\u201d, s. 294, X. Ulusal Tesisat M\u00fchendisli\u011fi Kongresi \u2013 13\/16 Nisan 2011\/\u0130zmir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Avrupa \u0130mar ve Kalk\u0131nma Bankas\u0131, s. 25-26.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Avrupa \u0130mar ve Kalk\u0131nma Bankas\u0131, s. 47.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> S. Kahraman, a.g.m., s. 34.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ege Demirel Neoliberalizmin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f d\u00f6neminde oldu\u011fu ve kapitalizmin ciddi bir yap\u0131sal krizle m\u00fccadele etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 burjuvazi taraf\u0131ndan dahi g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilemeyecek bir ger\u00e7eklik olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131zda duruyor. Bu nedenle burjuvazinin kendisine yeni siyasal ve ekonomik y\u00f6netim ara\u00e7lar\u0131 arad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nem i\u00e7erisinde bulundu\u011fumuzu s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Bu ba\u011flamda \u201cye\u015fil kapitalizm\u201d ve beraberinde s\u0131kl\u0131kla g\u00fcndeme gelen \u201cs\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir b\u00fcy\u00fcme\u201d burjuvazinin yeni […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":27,"featured_media":18466,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1725,1],"tags":[5563,5446],"yoast_head":"\nYe\u015fil Kapitalizm mitinin g\u00f6lgesinde JES ger\u00e7e\u011fi | Umut-Sen<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/umutsen.org\/index.php\/2023\/10\/yesil-kapitalizm-mitinin-golgesinde-jes-gercegi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ye\u015fil Kapitalizm mitinin g\u00f6lgesinde JES ger\u00e7e\u011fi | Umut-Sen\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Ege Demirel Neoliberalizmin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f d\u00f6neminde oldu\u011fu ve kapitalizmin ciddi bir yap\u0131sal krizle m\u00fccadele etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 burjuvazi taraf\u0131ndan dahi g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilemeyecek bir ger\u00e7eklik olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131zda duruyor. Bu nedenle burjuvazinin kendisine yeni siyasal ve ekonomik y\u00f6netim ara\u00e7lar\u0131 arad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nem i\u00e7erisinde bulundu\u011fumuzu s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. 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